标签 意大利 下的文章

弗拉维亚港，意大利撒丁岛 Porto Flavia, Sardinia, Italy (© Visualframing/Adobe Stock)

A cliffside harbor in Sardinia

The mining industry in Sardinia, Italy was booming in the early 20th century, as European nations looked to reconstruct from the damages of World War I. But Sardinian faced myriad logistical issues trying to export the zinc, lead and other minerals that were in high demand. Miners on the Italian island were using modern techniques to extract more and more ore, but it wasn't until 1924, when engineer Cesare Vecelli designed and built the mining hub along the cliffs in Porto Flavia, that getting product off the island matched their ability to extract it.

Before Vecelli's architectural marvel at Porto Flavia began operating, ore was often hand carried in wicker baskets and loaded by workers onto awaiting boats, a process that was slow, expensive, and often dangerous. But Vecelli's innovation allowed miners to lower ore directly onto ships waiting in the harbor below, saving time and cutting costs by up to 70%. Porto Flavia, which Vecelli named after his daughter, wasn't purely an exercise in productivity. The engineer added design flourishes including a concrete tower, as well as an arched doorway and windows, giving the port a certain elegance not normally associated with a mining hub. These days, Porto Flavia lives on as a UNESCO-protected tourist attraction.

撒丁岛的悬崖边港口

意大利撒丁岛的采矿业在20世纪初蓬勃发展，因为欧洲国家希望从第一次世界大战的破坏中重建。但撒丁岛在出口锌、铅和其他需求量大的矿物时面临着无数的物流问题。意大利岛上的矿工们正在使用现代技术开采越来越多的矿石，但直到1924年工程师塞萨尔·维切利（Cesare Vecelli）沿着弗拉维亚港（Porto Flavia）的悬崖设计并建造了采矿枢纽，从岛上获取的产品才与他们的开采能力相匹配。

在维切利在弗拉维亚港的建筑奇迹开始运作之前，矿石通常用柳条筐手工搬运，由工人装载到等待的船只上，这一过程缓慢、昂贵，而且往往很危险。但维切利的创新使采矿者能够直接将矿石卸到下面港口等待的船只上，从而节省时间并将成本降低70%。维切利以其女儿的名字命名的弗拉维亚港，并不是纯粹的生产力运动。这位工程师还增加了一些设计元素，包括一座混凝土塔，以及一个拱形的门道和窗户，给港口带来了一种通常与采矿枢纽不相关的优雅。如今，弗拉维亚港仍然是联合国教科文组织保护的旅游胜地。

蒙特城堡，意大利普利亚大区 Castel del Monte, Apulia, Italy (© Toni Spagone/Alamy)

An octagonal architectural treasure

Built in the 1240s by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in southeast Italy, Castel del Monte (Castle of the Mount) features an unusual octagonal design. Eight stone walls stretch between eight octagonal towers and enclose an octagonal courtyard. Each of the two floors also has eight trapezoidal rooms. Acclaimed and protected as a World Heritage Site in 1966, the castle symbolically reflects a harmonious integration of classical Roman, Arabic, and medieval architecture and design—and to some, its octagonal symmetry suggests a connection between heaven and earth.

Its original purpose is unclear. Without a drawbridge, moat, or curtain wall to protect it, it was clearly not a defensive fortress, and its lack of stables call into question its function as a hunting lodge. Over the centuries it has served as a prison and as a refuge from the plague. But whatever the emperor's intention, he left a captivating monument that still enchants today.

八角形建筑瑰宝

蒙特城堡（山上城堡）建于1240年代，由神圣罗马皇帝腓特烈二世在意大利东南部建造，具有不同寻常的八角形设计。八堵石墙在八座八角形塔楼之间延伸，围绕着一个八角形庭院。两层楼各有八个梯形房间。1966年，这座城堡被誉为世界遗产，并受到保护。它象征性地反映了古典罗马、阿拉伯和中世纪建筑与设计的和谐结合，对某些人来说，它的八角对称性暗示着天地之间的联系。

其最初目的尚不清楚。由于没有吊桥、护城河或幕墙的保护，它显然不是一个防御堡垒，而且它没有马厩，这使它作为狩猎小屋的功能受到质疑。几个世纪以来，它一直被用作监狱和躲避瘟疫的避难所。但不管皇帝的意图是什么，他留下了一座迷人的纪念碑，至今仍令人着迷。

奥提伽，西西里岛锡拉库萨海岸附近的小岛，意大利 Ortygia, a small island off the coast of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy (© DaLiu/Shutterstock)

A center of antiquity on the Mediterranean

This bird's-eye view lets us take in the charms of Ortygia, a small island just offshore from Syracuse, on Sicily's east coast. Ortygia is considered Syracuse's 'old town' and the historical heart of the city. A narrow channel separates the island from Syracuse and two bridges connect Ortygia to mainland Sicily. Ancient Greeks first colonized this island in the 8th century BCE, and the town is brimming with 2,700 years of history. Walk Ortygia's web of narrow streets and you'll see Greek and Roman ruins, medieval Norman buildings, and examples of Baroque architecture as well.

A Homeric texts Hymn tells of claim the goddess Leto, who stopped at Ortygia to give birth to her twins, Artemis and Apollo. Visitors today can pay homage to the mythology with a visit to the Temple of Apollo, which dates from the 6th century BCE, making it the oldest Doric temple in Sicily. But for some, the most magnificent attraction to Ortygia is the cerulean Mediterranean Sea, which surrounds the island in a shimmery blue.

地中海上的古代中心

这张鸟瞰图让我们领略了奥蒂吉亚的魅力，奥蒂吉亚是西西里岛东海岸锡拉丘兹附近的一个小岛。奥蒂吉亚被认为是锡拉丘兹的“老城”和城市的历史中心。一条狭窄的水道将该岛与锡拉丘兹分隔开来，两座桥将奥尔蒂加岛与西西里岛大陆连接起来。古希腊人在公元前8世纪首次在这个岛上建立殖民地，这个城镇有2700年的历史。走在奥尔蒂加狭窄的街道网，你会看到希腊和罗马遗迹，中世纪的诺曼建筑，以及巴洛克建筑的例子。

荷马经文的一首赞美诗讲述了女神勒托的主张，她在奥蒂吉亚停下来生下了她的双胞胎，阿耳特弥斯和阿波罗。今天的游客可以通过参观阿波罗神庙来向神话致敬，阿波罗神庙可以追溯到公元前6世纪，是西西里岛最古老的多立克神庙。但对一些人来说，奥蒂吉亚最吸引人的地方是蔚蓝的地中海，它以闪烁的蓝色环绕着奥蒂吉亚岛。

鸟瞰罗卡附近的Grotta della Poesia，意大利莱切 Aerial view of the Grotta della Poesia (Poetry's Cave) near Roca, Lecce, Italy (© Amazing Aerial Agency/Offset by Shutterstock)

Pretty poetic for a pit

Taking a bird's-eye view along the coast of Italy's bootheel, you'll spot many coves and caves like this one, the Grotta della Poesia. In English that's Poetry's Cave, a sea-flooded sinkhole so named for the ancient poets who—legend has it—were bemused by a beautiful princess who often came here for a dip.

Nowadays it's a popular spot for all water lovers, regardless of royal standing. Inside the sinkhole, an underground cavern carries the clear waters out to sea, beckoning the most intrepid swimmers and scuba divers toward the open Adriatic.

很有诗意

沿着意大利鞋跟海岸鸟瞰，你会发现许多像这样的海湾和洞穴，Grotta della Poesia。在英语中，那是诗的洞穴，一个被海水淹没的大坑，以古代诗人的名字命名，传说是因为一位美丽的公主经常来这里泡个澡。

如今，无论皇室地位如何，这里都是所有爱水人士的热门去处。在深坑内，一个地下洞穴将清澈的海水带到大海中，吸引着最勇敢的游泳者和潜水者朝着开阔的亚得里亚海前进。

蒙塔尔巴诺埃利科纳，意大利西西里岛 Montalbano Elicona, Messina, Sicily, Italy (© Antonino Bartuccio/SOPA Collection/Offset by Shutterstock)

In Sicily, history is everywhere

Today we're in Montalbano Elicona on the island of Sicily. It's known for the very old castle at the crest of the hill, as well as the quaint medieval village below. It's no wonder that Montalbano Elicona has been called one of the most beautiful towns in all of Italy. The castle itself is believed to have been built in the 13th century by medieval power broker Frederick II of Swabia. He wore many hats, including King of Sicily, Holy Roman Emperor, and—as far-fetched as it sounds—the King of Jerusalem, a title he claimed after conquering that city during the Sixth Crusade. The castle was originally designed as a fortress, but it also served as a summer residence for Frederick and other rulers who followed him.

Surrounding the castle are several other interesting historical sites, including the Church of St. Catherine, known for its Romanesque portal built in the 14th century, its mix of Catalan and renaissance architecture, marble statues of St. Catherine and St. Nicholas Bishop, and a representation of the Last Supper by artist Guido Reni. Also of note is the nearby Argimusco plateau, where an array of large oblong stones, including one which is said to resemble an eagle, have long prompted speculation that they were placed there by members of a prehistoric island culture. However, scientists now believe that these so-called megaliths of Argimusco, sometimes referred to as the Stonehenge of Sicily, are actually of natural origin, and the unique boulder shapes are simply the result of centuries of wind erosion.

在西西里，历史无处不在

今天我们在西西里岛上的蒙塔尔巴诺埃利科纳。它以山顶上非常古老的城堡以及下面古色古香的中世纪村庄而闻名。难怪蒙塔尔巴诺·艾利科纳被称为意大利最美丽的城镇之一。城堡本身被认为是建于13世纪的中世纪权力掮客弗雷德里克二世的斯瓦比亚。他戴着许多帽子，包括神圣罗马皇帝西西里国王，以及听起来很牵强的耶路撒冷国王，这是他在第六次十字军东征中征服耶路撒冷后获得的头衔。这座城堡最初是作为要塞设计的，但它也作为弗雷德里克和其他跟随他的统治者的避暑住所。

城堡周围还有其他一些有趣的历史遗迹，包括圣凯瑟琳教堂（Church of St.Catherine），因其建于14世纪的罗马式大门而闻名，它融合了加泰罗尼亚和文艺复兴时期的建筑，圣凯瑟琳和圣尼古拉斯主教的大理石雕像，以及艺术家吉多·雷尼（Guido Reni）对《最后的晚餐》的描绘。同样值得注意的是附近的阿尔吉穆斯科高原，那里有一排长方形的大石头，其中一块据说像鹰，长期以来一直有人猜测它们是史前岛屿文化的成员放在那里的。然而，科学家们现在认为，这些所谓的阿吉姆斯科巨石，有时被称为西西里巨石阵，实际上是自然起源的，这些独特的巨石形状只是几个世纪风蚀的结果。

2013年正在喷发的埃特纳火山，意大利西西里岛 Mount Etna erupting in 2013, Sicily, Italy (© Wead/Alamy Live News)

A sizzling summit hides in the clouds

Seen here with its explosive summit socked away in the clouds, Mount Etna towers over the Italian isle of Sicily as the tallest volcano in Europe—and maybe the crankiest, given its near-constant eruptions. The island peak has been highly active for perhaps half a million years and can still be counted on for a spectacular eruption every few years. This photograph shows Etna erupting in 2013.

云层中隐藏着一座炙热的山峰

埃特纳火山在意大利西西里岛上空耸立，是欧洲最高的火山，可能是最古怪的火山，因为它几乎一直在喷发。岛上的山峰已经高度活跃了大约50万年，仍然可以指望每隔几年就有一次壮观的喷发。这张照片显示埃特纳火山在2013年喷发。

俯瞰着特雷维的扁桃花，意大利佩鲁贾 Almond blossoms overlooking Trevi, Perugia district, Umbria, Italy (© Maurizio Rellini/eStock Photo)

Trevi in bloom

Perched high above the lush Italian countryside is Trevi, a great medieval hill town. Trevi is considered one of the prettiest and most authentic of the medieval towns that dot the Umbria region. Counts and cardinals built these communities to show off their wealth and they built them up high to keep them safe from rivals.

Surrounding Trevi is a rock wall built around 2,000 years ago. From there, it's a winding walk up through cobblestone streets and squares lined with churches and other buildings from the Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance eras. Flowers spill from window boxes and markets fill with local goods, including black truffles, black celery, asparagus, and olive oil, said to be among the best in all of Italy. We recommend stopping for a classic Umbrian meal (with a local red wine) before making your way to the top of Trevi to take in views of the lush countryside below. Francis of Assisi loved this area so much, he wandered it by foot for years. And is it any wonder? From here, you can see olive groves covering the mountainsides and dense forests where the elusive black truffles grow.

盛开的树

特雷维坐落在茂盛的意大利乡村上空，是一个伟大的中世纪山镇。特雷维被认为是中世纪城镇中最漂亮和最真实的城镇之一，遍布翁布里亚地区。伯爵和红衣主教建立这些社区是为了炫耀他们的财富，他们把社区建得很高是为了保护他们不受竞争对手的伤害。

特雷维周围是一堵建于2000年前的岩墙。从那里开始，这是一条蜿蜒的小路，穿过鹅卵石街道和广场，广场两旁是罗马式、哥特式和文艺复兴时期的教堂和其他建筑。鲜花从橱窗里洒了出来，市场上摆满了当地的商品，包括黑松露、黑芹菜、芦笋和橄榄油，据说这些都是意大利最好的。我们建议您在前往特雷维山顶欣赏下面郁郁葱葱的乡村景色之前，先停下来享用一顿经典的翁布里亚大餐（配上当地的红酒）。阿西西的弗朗西斯非常喜欢这个地区，他步行在那里徘徊了好几年。有什么奇怪的吗？从这里，你可以看到覆盖在山坡上的橄榄林和密林，那里生长着难以捉摸的黑松露。

西西里岛陶尔米纳，意大利 Taormina, Sicily, Italy (© Juergen Schonnop/Getty Images)

A dramatic view of Sicily

If you mistook this gorgeous, postcard-worthy image for one of the many coastal towns along Italy's famous Amalfi coast, you wouldn't be far off. However, the town seen here actually lies farther to the south, located on the eastern side of Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean. Beginning in the late 19th century, sun-seeking tourists have come to the chic resort town of Taormina during the warmer months, looking to dine in its restaurants, relax on its beaches, and of course just to take in the exquisite scenery.

As expected in a town built over 2,000 years ago, traces of history can be found everywhere here, from the tiny medieval streets of old downtown to the Ancient Theatre of Taormina, an amphitheater built in the Greek style in the third century BCE, and later expanded by the Romans. And though it's been around for more than two millennia, the theater is still in use, with opera, theatrical productions, and concerts staged there to this day—or at least whenever performances aren't canceled due to the pandemic. The beauty of this town, built into a steep hill overlooking the Ionian Sea, is said to have inspired writers and thinkers both ancient and modern, from Plato to D. H. Lawrence to Truman Capote.

西西里岛的戏剧性景色

如果你把这张华丽的、值得放进明信片的照片误认为是意大利著名的阿马尔菲海岸沿岸众多沿海城镇之一，你就不会走得很远了。然而，这里看到的城镇实际上位于更远的南部，位于地中海最大岛屿西西里岛的东侧。从19世纪末开始，寻求阳光的游客在温暖的月份来到了别致的度假胜地陶尔米纳，他们希望在这里的餐厅用餐，在海滩上放松，当然也只是为了欣赏优美的风景。

正如人们所料，在一座建于2000多年前的小镇上，历史的痕迹随处可见，从旧城区的中世纪小街到陶尔米纳（Taormina）的古剧场，陶尔米纳是公元前3世纪希腊风格建造的圆形剧场，后来被罗马人扩建。尽管它已经存在了两千多年，剧院仍然在使用，歌剧、戏剧作品和音乐会一直在那里上演，至少在演出没有因为流感而取消的时候。这个美丽的小镇建在一座陡峭的小山上，俯瞰着爱奥尼亚海，据说从柏拉图到劳伦斯，再到杜鲁门·卡波特，它激发了古代和现代作家和思想家的灵感。

从环绕山峰的小径最高点看到的拉瓦莱多三峰山，意大利 Tre Cime di Lavaredo as seen from the Lavaredo fork, Sexten Dolomites, Italy (© AWL Images/Danita Delimont)

Where are the 'Pale Mountains'?

Behold the Tre Cime di Lavaredo, some of the most iconic peaks of the Dolomites range in the Italian Alps. The Dolomites, aka the 'Pale Mountains,' are named for the light-colored stone (dolomite) of the jagged range. This is the view from the highest point of a trail that encircles these three dramatic peaks. Usually mobbed with tourists in the summertime, autumn and spring offer a chance for a more tranquil amble along the 6-mile trail. The hike manages to reveal one stunning view after another with each turn of the route. Along the way, the hiker will pass three 'rifugios,' traditional Alpine shelters that offer drinks and meals, and even beds to stay the night.

Until 1919, the border between Italy and Austria-Hungary ran directly through the Tre Cime di Lavaredo, and there was heavy fighting here in World War I. Visitors can still see trenches and remnants of fortifications left from the so-called White War of the Alps. A small chapel, called Cappella degli Alpini, was built in memory of fallen soldiers in the area.

"帕莱山"在哪里？

看看意大利阿尔卑斯山多洛米蒂山脉的一些最具标志性的山峰。多洛米蒂人，又名"帕莱山"，以锯齿状山脉的浅色石头（白云石）命名。这是从环绕这三座山峰的小径的最高点看到的。通常在夏天和秋天和春天，游客成群结队，在6英里长的小径上，你可以有机会更安静地漫步。徒步旅行在路线的每一个转弯处都能看到一个又一个令人叹为观止的景色。一路上，徒步旅行者将经过三个"里夫吉奥斯"，传统的阿尔卑斯山庇护所，提供饮料和膳食，甚至还有过夜的床。

直到1919年，意大利和奥地利-匈牙利之间的边界直接穿过拉瓦拉雷多，在第一次世界大战中这里战火重重，游客仍然可以看到所谓的阿尔卑斯山白战遗留下来的战壕和防御工事的遗迹。一座叫做卡佩拉·德格利·阿尔皮尼的小教堂，是为纪念该地区阵亡士兵而建的。

阿布鲁佐的Rocca Calascio，意大利 Rocca Calascio in Abruzzo, Italy (© Francesco Russo/eStock Photo)

A fortress in the sky

Beginning as a lone watchtower high in the Apennines in the 10th century, the fortress called Rocca Calascio gained more heft over the next few hundred years. A quartet of additional towers and heavy walls were gradually added around the first tower. These fortifications made clear that Rocco Calascio was ready for any military rivals who might scale the slopes from the valley below to attack this garrison. The fight never came. The ruins you see here are not battle scars but the result of a powerful earthquakes. By the early 1700s, Rocca Calascio was abandoned, but it can still claim the title of highest fortress in the Apennines—and some of the most spectacular views in all of Italy. In fact, filmmakers have chosen the site for several movies, including 'The Name of the Rose' and 'Ladyhawke.'

天空中的堡垒
从10世纪亚平宁的一座孤金瞭望塔开始，这座名为罗卡·卡拉西奥的堡垒在接下来的几百年里变得更加高。在第一座塔楼周围逐渐增加了四分之一的塔楼和沉重的墙壁。这些防御工事表明，罗科·卡拉西奥已经为任何可能从下面的山谷上扩大斜坡攻击这个驻军的军事对手做好准备。战斗从未来过。你在这里看到的废墟不是战斗的伤疤，而是强烈地震的结果。到17世纪早期，罗卡卡拉西奥被遗弃，但它仍然可以声称在亚彭宁斯最高的堡垒的称号 - 和一些在意大利最壮观的景色。事实上，电影制作人已经为几部电影选择了该网站，包括《玫瑰的名字》和《夫人霍克》。