分类必应美图下的文章

努沙杜瓦海岸与防波堤，印度尼西亚巴厘岛 Nusa Dua coast with breakwater, Bali, Indonesia (© Dkart/Getty Images)

The most wonderful day of the year. Period.

Er, comma—at least it seems like that's what we're seeing. And just like a comma breaks up a sentence, this structure called a breakwater interrupts the Pacific Ocean, punctuating waves with a crash before they can disturb this Bali beach. Whether its resemblance to a comma (or is that an apostrophe?) was intentional or not, it's a fine visual for today's syntactical celebration. That's correct: It's Grammar Day! (Note to hardline grammarians: We know punctuation—like a comma—isn't exactly grammar, but we're loosening the linguistical reins a bit in the generous spirit of Grammar Day. So put that red pen down, smartypants.)

If you're not inclined to decline verbs or dying to diagram a sentence, don't quit reading just yet. You might just think of grammar as the dos and don'ts taught in English textbooks—but a mere stuffy set of rules it ain't. Grammar is the ingredients of a language. Whenever we speak or even think, whether with prim-and-proper diction or in the most teacher-defying slang, our brains are using grammatical rules to translate firing neurons into words and phrases. Just how this happens is still a hot debate for linguists: Are these rules based on hardwired neural pathways or are they learned from a young age?

Well, however the brain works, we hope you brought yours today. Our quiz covers those wonderful, nitpicky grammar rules from school you doubtless remember so well. Sharpen your pencils!

一年中最美好的一天。句号。

呃，至少我们看到的是逗号。就像一个逗号打断了一个句子，这个被称为防波堤的结构打断了太平洋，在海浪冲击巴厘岛海滩之前，它以撞击声打断了海浪。它是否像逗号（或是撇号？）不管是有意还是无意，这都是今天句法庆祝的一个很好的视觉效果。没错，今天是语法日！（强硬派语法学家注意：我们知道像逗号这样的标点符号并不完全是语法，但我们在语法日的慷慨精神下稍微放松了对语言的控制。所以把那支红笔放下，聪明人。）

如果你不想拒绝动词，也不想画一个句子，那就暂时不要放弃阅读。你可能只是认为语法是英语课本上教的应该做的事和不应该做的事，但它不是一套乏味的规则。语法是语言的组成部分。每当我们说话或思考的时候，无论是用朴素得体的措辞，还是用最蔑视老师的俚语，我们的大脑都在利用语法规则将兴奋的神经元翻译成单词和短语。这究竟是如何发生的，对语言学家来说仍然是一个热门的争论：这些规则是基于硬连线的神经通路，还是从小就学会的？

好吧，不管大脑是怎么工作的，我们希望你今天能带上你的。我们的测验涵盖了学校里那些美妙的、挑剔的语法规则，你肯定记得很清楚。把你的铅笔削尖！

亚伊马火山与前景中的智利南洋杉，智利孔吉利奥国家公园 Volcano Llaima with Araucaria trees in the foreground, Conguillío National Park, Chile (© Fotografías Jorge León Cabello/Getty Images)

Fall for Chile

Autumn in Chile varies widely as one travels from the Atacama Desert in the north more than 2,600 miles south to the tip of Tierra del Fuego. Around halfway between these two extremes you can find Conguillío National Park and the volcano Llaima at Chile's center. In March, at the start of the Southern Hemisphere's autumn, the leaves of the deciduous forest begin to turn color and fall, and the native Chilean pine trees (Araucarias) stand out even more strikingly.

Because of their distinctive appearance and the fact that they thrive in a wide range of climates, the trees became a favorite of botanists in the 19th century, who transported and cultivated them in many temperate climates around the world. The 'monkey puzzle' trees got their common English name in the 1850s when English barrister Charles Austin observed that 'It would be a puzzle for a monkey to climb that.' Even more amazing is that these trees can live over a thousand years and are themselves living fossils, descended from a lineage stretching back 260 million years to the time of the dinosaurs.

爱上智利

智利的秋天变化很大，人们从北部的阿塔卡马沙漠向南行驶2600多英里，到达火地岛的顶端。在这两个极端的中间，你可以看到智利国家公园和智利中心的拉伊马火山。今年3月，南半球秋季伊始，落叶林的树叶开始变色、飘落，智利本土的松树（Araucarias）更加引人注目。

由于其独特的外观和在各种气候条件下茁壮成长的事实，这些树在19世纪成为植物学家的最爱，他们在世界各地的许多温带气候条件下运输和栽培它们。19世纪50年代，英国大律师查尔斯·奥斯汀（Charles Austin）指出，猴子爬上那棵树将是一个谜，于是“猴子拼图”树就有了共同的英文名称。更令人惊奇的是，这些树能活上一千多年，而且本身就是活化石，其世系可追溯到公元前2.6亿年恐龙。

斯卡夫塔山中的传统农舍，冰岛瓦特纳冰川国家公园 Traditional farmhouses at Skaftafell, Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland (© Jarcosa/Getty Images)

Tough turf

Roofs of sod have sheltered mainland Scandinavians through countless winters and summers. But those who migrated from Norway's grass-roof log cabins to this Icelandic tundra in the 9th century found none of the rich timberland of their homeland—just wispy birch forests and grassy fields. To survive the cold, they took the old turf roof concept and built on it, encasing not only the roofs but the walls of their birch-framed homes in layers of living, insulating soil.

The turf buildings shown here are located at Skaftafell, a manor farm founded by early settlers and now part of Vatnajökull National Park. Unlike Icelanders' history, though, these huts aren't a millennium old: They date to the 19th century, when the plains in the distance began flooding and the farmers who'd made homes there were forced uphill.

坚硬的草皮

草皮屋顶遮蔽了斯堪的纳维亚大陆无数的冬夏。但是，那些在9世纪从挪威的草屋顶木屋迁移到冰岛苔原的人发现，他们的祖国没有一片富饶的林地，只有一望无际的桦树林和草地。为了在寒冷中生存，他们采用了旧的草皮屋顶概念，并在其上建造，不仅将屋顶，而且将桦木结构房屋的墙壁包裹在一层活的绝缘土壤中。

这里展示的草皮建筑位于斯卡塔菲尔，这是一个由早期定居者建立的庄园农场，现在是瓦特纳科尔国家公园的一部分。不过，与冰岛人的历史不同的是，这些小屋并没有千年的历史：它们可以追溯到19世纪，当时远处的平原开始泛滥，在那里建房的农民被迫上山。

鸟瞰施内贝格山脉-奥克森峰，德国 (© Felix Meyer/Adobe Stock)

挂在锦里街上的红灯笼，中国成都 Red lanterns hanging in Jinli Street, Chengdu, China (© Philippe LEJEANVRE/Getty Images)

Lighting the way to a new year

The Lantern Festival marks the final day of Lunar (aka Chinese) New Year celebrations, which began this year on February 12 when we ushered in the Year of the Ox. Traditionally, the day of the festival is filled with dancing, firecrackers, children's games, and food—including tangyuan, a desert made from balls of rice flour and generally loaded with sweet fillings. After sundown, celebrants gather to light or observe lanterns like the ones we see here in Chengdu, China.

俯瞰着特雷维的扁桃花，意大利佩鲁贾 Almond blossoms overlooking Trevi, Perugia district, Umbria, Italy (© Maurizio Rellini/eStock Photo)

Trevi in bloom

Perched high above the lush Italian countryside is Trevi, a great medieval hill town. Trevi is considered one of the prettiest and most authentic of the medieval towns that dot the Umbria region. Counts and cardinals built these communities to show off their wealth and they built them up high to keep them safe from rivals.

Surrounding Trevi is a rock wall built around 2,000 years ago. From there, it's a winding walk up through cobblestone streets and squares lined with churches and other buildings from the Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance eras. Flowers spill from window boxes and markets fill with local goods, including black truffles, black celery, asparagus, and olive oil, said to be among the best in all of Italy. We recommend stopping for a classic Umbrian meal (with a local red wine) before making your way to the top of Trevi to take in views of the lush countryside below. Francis of Assisi loved this area so much, he wandered it by foot for years. And is it any wonder? From here, you can see olive groves covering the mountainsides and dense forests where the elusive black truffles grow.

盛开的树

特雷维坐落在茂盛的意大利乡村上空，是一个伟大的中世纪山镇。特雷维被认为是中世纪城镇中最漂亮和最真实的城镇之一，遍布翁布里亚地区。伯爵和红衣主教建立这些社区是为了炫耀他们的财富，他们把社区建得很高是为了保护他们不受竞争对手的伤害。

特雷维周围是一堵建于2000年前的岩墙。从那里开始，这是一条蜿蜒的小路，穿过鹅卵石街道和广场，广场两旁是罗马式、哥特式和文艺复兴时期的教堂和其他建筑。鲜花从橱窗里洒了出来，市场上摆满了当地的商品，包括黑松露、黑芹菜、芦笋和橄榄油，据说这些都是意大利最好的。我们建议您在前往特雷维山顶欣赏下面郁郁葱葱的乡村景色之前，先停下来享用一顿经典的翁布里亚大餐（配上当地的红酒）。阿西西的弗朗西斯非常喜欢这个地区，他步行在那里徘徊了好几年。有什么奇怪的吗？从这里，你可以看到覆盖在山坡上的橄榄林和密林，那里生长着难以捉摸的黑松露。

莫纳布拉班特山，毛里求斯 Le Morne Brabant, Mauritius (© Hemis/Alamy)

Getting to the bottom of the underwater waterfall

From this vantage point high over the Indian Ocean, we have a spectacular view of the 'underwater waterfall' formed off the coast of Mauritius. Not a true waterfall, this is an optical illusion—it's really the trails of sand and silt deposits on the seafloor being washed by ocean currents through an opening between coral reefs. But we're probably not alone in thinking at first glance that the ocean is pouring into some massive unseen drainpipe.

Our viewpoint also offers a clear look at the huge basalt monolith in the distance towering over the peninsula called Le Morne Brabant. Originally uninhabited by humans, the island of Mauritius became an important stopover in the slave trade by the 18th century. Some slaves managed to escape while on the island and made their way to the many caves and overhangs on the steep slopes of Le Morne. There, these 'maroons' hid from slave traders and eventually formed enough settlements that Mauritius became popularly known as the Maroon Republic, and Le Morne a symbol of the slaves' resistance, suffering, and sacrifice.

到达水下瀑布的底部

从印度洋上空的这一有利位置，我们可以看到毛里求斯海岸形成的“水下瀑布”的壮观景色。这不是一个真正的瀑布，这是一种视觉错觉，它实际上是海床上的沙子和淤泥沉积的痕迹被洋流通过珊瑚礁之间的开口冲刷。但我们可能不是唯一一个第一眼就认为海洋正在涌入一些看不见的巨大排水管的人。

我们的观点也提供了一个巨大的玄武岩巨石在远处高耸在半岛称为勒莫恩布拉班特清晰的看法。毛里求斯岛原本无人居住，到18世纪成为奴隶贸易的重要中转站。一些奴隶在岛上逃走了，他们来到了勒芒陡坡上的许多洞穴和悬垂处。在那里，这些“马龙人”躲避奴隶贩子，最终形成了足够多的定居点，使得毛里求斯成为众所周知的马龙共和国，而勒芒则是奴隶抵抗、苦难和牺牲的象征。

莱姆里杰斯的Cobb防波堤，英格兰多塞特 The Cobb breakwater, Lyme Regis, Dorset, England (© Ross Hoddinott/Offset by Shutterstock)

Holding back the tide

Shrugging off choppy waters on England’s south-west coast is the historic harbour and breakwater known as the Cobb. There has been one man-made structure or another in the waters off Lyme Regis since medieval times, without which much of this Dorset town may have been washed away. While its harbour seems small to modern eyes, Lyme Regis grew as a major port and shipbuilding centre from the 13th century onwards, thanks to the Cobb and the protection it offered from fierce south-westerly gales.

The long, curving High Wall featured in our homepage image offers a great lookout spot from which to enjoy panoramic views of this stretch of the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site famous for its fossils. This section, built in Portland Stone, dates back to the 1820s and famously features in a scene with Meryl Streep’s character in The French Lieutenant’s Woman. If you choose to follow in her footsteps, be warned: The Cobb can be as treacherous as it is breathtaking, even when waves are not crashing against it. Algae can make its surface slippery and there is no handrail to grab if you lose your footing, so choose a calm day to enjoy a stroll along the top and even then, tread carefully.

抑制潮流

在英格兰西南海岸的波涛汹涌的海面上耸肩的是历史悠久的港口和被称为科布的防波堤。自中世纪以来，莱姆里吉斯附近的水域就有这样或那样的人造建筑，如果没有这些建筑，多塞特镇的大部分地区可能会被冲走。在现代人看来，莱姆雷吉斯的港口似乎很小，但从13世纪起，由于科布和它所提供的抵御西南狂风的保护，莱姆雷吉斯逐渐成为一个主要的港口和造船中心。

在我们的主页图片中，长而弯曲的高墙提供了一个绝佳的了望点，从这里可以欣赏侏罗纪海岸的全景，侏罗纪海岸是一个以化石闻名的世界遗产地。这一部分建于波特兰石，可以追溯到19世纪20年代，以梅丽尔·斯特里普在《法国中尉的女人》中的角色而闻名。如果你选择跟随她的脚步，要注意的是：柯布可能是危险的，因为它是惊人的，即使海浪没有撞击它。藻类会使它的表面很滑，如果你失去了你的脚，没有扶手可以抓住，所以选择一个平静的一天享受漫步沿顶部，即使这样，踏步小心。

An important port of Portugal

Welcome to Porto, the second city of Portugal. Known on some English-language maps as Oporto (the Portuguese call it 'o Porto' in conversation, meaning simply 'the Port'), this attractive, ancient city is most famous today not for the port itself but for what's shipped out of it.

Follow this river, the Douro, east out of the city and you'll soon enter a valley flanked by vineyard-covered embankments. This long, narrow wine country is where world-renowned port wine is produced: A smooth, typically red wine fortified with a grape brandy to halt fermentation, resulting in a sweeter beverage. Douro valley vintners send their product downriver to Porto, from which it ships off to dessert tables worldwide. To be called port, the wine must come from the Douro valley—a stipulation dating to the 1750s—making the area one of the world's oldest protected wine regions.

葡萄牙的一个重要港口

欢迎来到葡萄牙第二大城市波尔图。在一些英文地图上被称为“波尔图”（葡萄牙人在对话中称之为“波尔图”，意思简单地说就是“港口”），这座迷人的古城今天最著名的不是港口本身，而是从港口运出的东西。

沿着这条河，杜罗河，向东出城，你很快就会进入一个山谷，山谷两侧是葡萄园覆盖的堤岸。这个狭长的葡萄酒之乡出产世界闻名的波尔图葡萄酒：一种光滑的，典型的红酒，用葡萄白兰地强化以停止发酵，从而得到更甜的饮料。杜罗谷葡萄酒商把他们的产品送到下游的波尔图，从那里运到世界各地的甜点桌上。要被称为港口，葡萄酒必须来自杜罗河谷——这一规定可以追溯到1750年代，使该地区成为世界上最古老的葡萄酒保护区之一。

Ansel Adams' enduring vision

Of all the camera-wielding luminaries who've snapped this eastward view of Yosemite Valley, few can hold a 'candela' to Ansel Adams, born this day in 1902. The legendary photographer of Western landscapes was given his first camera here in Yosemite as a boy. The national park was his favorite place in the world, and he returned every year for the rest of his life.

Adams' style is one of the most recognizable in photography: Bright whites against deep blacks, with high horizon lines that leave most of the frame filled with landscape, a narrow lens aperture placing every tiny detail in biting focus. Unlike many photographers of the day who considered themselves more journalist than artist, Adams was a visionary: Instead of plainly documenting what he saw, Adams aimed to convey the enchantment, awe, and terror his beloved landscapes made him feel, spending hours in the darkroom fine-tuning exposures to match what he visualized. 'Clearing Winter Storm'—the photo that today's image pays tribute to—was taken around 1937, depicting ominous clouds gathering around El Capitan and Bridalveil Fall, whiting out the distant peak of Half Dome.

While Adams had to lug bulky box cameras and light meters into the wilderness to capture his vision, chances are you've got the whole setup in your pocket. Why not grab that phone of yours, venture outside, and celebrate this legendary shutterbug's birthday with some masterful nature snaps of your own?

安塞尔·亚当斯的不朽愿景

在所有手持相机拍摄到约塞米蒂山谷东面景色的名人中，很少有人能为1902年出生的安塞尔·亚当斯（Ansel Adams）奉上“烛台”。这位西方风景的传奇摄影师小时候在约塞米蒂得到了他的第一台相机。国家公园是他在世界上最喜欢的地方，他余生每年都会回来。

亚当斯的风格是摄影界公认的最具代表性的风格之一：明亮的白色与深黑的对比，高水平的线条让大部分画面充满了风景，狭窄的镜头光圈将每一个微小的细节都置于扣人心弦的焦点。与当时许多认为自己更像记者而不是艺术家的摄影师不同，亚当斯是一个有远见的人：他没有简单地记录他所看到的一切，而是致力于传达他所钟爱的风景带给他的魅力、敬畏和恐惧，他花了数小时在暗室微调曝光，以符合他所想象的《清冬风暴》（Clearing Winter Storm）——这张今天的照片是在1937年左右拍摄的，描绘了不祥的云层聚集在埃尔卡皮坦（El Capitan）和布里达尔维尔瀑布（Bridalveil Fall）周围，使远处的半圆顶峰黯然失色。

虽然亚当斯不得不拖着笨重的盒式摄像机和测光表到荒野中捕捉他的视野，但你很可能已经把整个设置都放在口袋里了。为什么不拿起你的手机，到外面去冒险，用你自己掌握的自然快照来庆祝这个传奇的shutterbug的生日呢？

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