标签土耳其下的文章

卡帕多西亚的童话烟囱和窑洞，土耳其 Fairy chimneys and cave dwellings in Cappadocia, Türkiye (© Storm Is Me/Shutterstock)

快看，这是沉积岩哦 Sedimentary, my dear

国际岩石日

今天是国际岩石日，我们要讨论的是花岗岩、石灰石和板岩。岩石有三种类型：火成岩是由凝固的岩浆和熔岩形成的；沉积岩是由沉积颗粒（如沙子）层层堆积而成；变质岩是其他岩石受热和受压后形成的。

今天的图片带我们来到位于土耳其中部的卡帕多西亚，这里有一种被称为“精灵烟囱”的石质结构。这些锥形石柱由凝灰岩制成，而凝灰岩正是火山灰和碎屑堆积而成的沉积岩。该地区的古代居民在岩石侧面雕刻了房屋和教堂。此外，该地区的地下城也很有名，这些地下城是从凝灰岩中凿出来的，为人们提供了一个安全的庇护场所。这只是历史上人类对岩石的众多用途之一。

International Rock Day

Are you ready to make some noise? Wait, not that sort of rock. Today, we're all about granite, limestone, and slate. There are three types of rock: igneous rocks formed from magma and lava; sedimentary rocks made from a mixture of particles like sand and mud; and metamorphic rocks that are the result of heat and pressure on other kinds of rock.

Today's image takes us to the 'fairy chimneys' of Cappadocia in central Türkiye. These cone-shaped pillars are made of tuff, a sedimentary rock formed from volcanic ash and debris. In the sides of the rocks, ancient residents carved homes and churches. The area is also famous for its underground cities, which were cut out of the tuff to provide shelter and safety. This is just one of the many uses for rocks that humans have come up with throughout history.

埃米尔甘公园的郁金香，伊斯坦布尔，土耳其 Tulips at Emirgan Park in Istanbul, Türkiye (© Ozbalci/Getty Images)

恣意绽放的郁金香 Tulips gone wild!

伊斯坦布尔埃米尔甘公园的郁金香，土耳其

一大片五颜六色的郁金香给人带来的诱惑不言而喻。郁金香原产于中亚，从弗农山庄园到土耳其伊斯坦布尔熙熙攘攘的街道，这些球茎植物深受世界各地人们的喜爱。但郁金香不仅仅是装饰性花卉，它们还具有重要的文化意义。在不同的传统中，郁金香代表着爱情、生命、美丽和激情。在艺术作品中，郁金香常常被描绘成重生或青春的象征。

伊斯坦布尔的埃米尔甘公园是郁金香的天堂。公园里的郁金香种类繁多，达到令人眼花缭乱的程度。每年春天，这些郁金香都会为公园增添万花筒般的色彩。整个公园很大，囊括了120多种珍稀植物，还可以将博斯普鲁斯海峡的美景尽收眼底。如果你还没去过，那现在可以考虑动身了，因为春天是前往这个中东国家旅行的绝佳时机。

Tulips at Emirgan Park in Istanbul, Türkiye

There's something to be said about the allure of a bed of colorful tulips. Originating from Central Asia, these bulbous plants are beloved worldwide, from the gardens of Mount Vernon, Washington, to the parks and avenues of Istanbul, Türkiye. But tulips are more than just decorative flowers. They represent love, life, beauty, and passion in various traditions and are often depicted in art as a symbol of rebirth or youth.

Emirgan Park in Istanbul celebrates tulips in all their glory, as the city hosts its annual tulip festival. The park boasts a dazzling variety of these flowers that paint the landscape with a kaleidoscope of colors. It is also home to more than 120 species of rare plants and trees, with gorgeous views of the Bosporus strait.

卡帕多西亚, 土耳其 Hot air balloons in Cappadocia, Türkiye (© Anton Petrus/Getty Images)

与太阳一同升起 Rising with the sun

卡帕多西亚，土耳其

如果你去土耳其旅行，一定要去卡帕多西亚打卡，这是一个位于土耳其中部的历史名胜古迹。卡帕多西亚的一个神奇时刻是观看几十个热气球升入黎明的天空。如果你喜欢冒险，你还可以坐上热气球观光。卡帕多西亚遍布着神秘的高耸岩层，高可达130英尺，由数百万年前火山喷发而形成，被称为“精灵烟囟”。这里还有一个你从热气球上无法看到景点，那就是地下城德林库尤，德林库尤的房屋、市场、办公室以及公共场所完全位于地下，整座城市的历史可以追溯到公元前1400年。这座地下城曾为市民提供庇护，让他们免受掠夺和入侵。在你体验卡帕多西亚的古代奇观时，你会更容易理解这个世界有多古老。

Cappadocia, Türkiye

Welcome to Cappadocia, a historical region in Türkiye known for its fantastical landscape. A magical moment to enjoy here is watching dozens of hot air balloons rising into the dawn sky. Every sunrise and sunset gives life to the 'fairy chimneys' of this striking region, mysterious towering rock formations reaching up to 130 feet high. The unusual landscape was formed over millions of years by volcanic eruptions. Another attraction here that you won't see from the air is Derinkuyu, a city dating from 1400 BCE that is completely underground. This subterranean city sheltered citizens from invaders who swept through over the centuries. When you experience the ancient wonders of Cappadocia, it's easier to understand how old the world is.

博斯普鲁斯海峡的如梅利堡垒，土耳其伊斯坦布尔 Rumelihisarı on the Bosporus Strait at Istanbul, Türkiye (© Drone in Wonderland/Amazing Aerial Agency)

两大洲交接的地方 Where two continents meet

如梅利堡垒，土耳其

土耳其是一个温暖的地中海国家，偶尔也会下雪。而今天照片里伊斯坦布尔的冬日雪景，则让如梅利堡垒的轮廓更加清晰可见。梅利堡垒是15世纪由奥斯曼帝国苏丹建造的，目的是为了掌握博斯普鲁斯海峡的海上交通。博斯普鲁斯海峡连接马尔马拉海和黑海，将伊斯坦布尔分为“欧洲一侧”和“亚洲一侧”。如今，这座堡垒不再用于向船只开火，而是用作博物馆和音乐会场地。几百年来，尽管这里已经变了很多，但这里美丽的风景依然如旧。

Rumelihisarı in Istanbul, Türkiye

Though Türkiye usually lives up to expectations as a warm Mediterranean country, snow occasionally falls here. This winter dusting of Istanbul, Türkiye's largest city, brings into sharper focus the lines of Rumelihisarı in the center of our image. The structure, also known as Rumeli Fortress, was built in the 15th century by an Ottoman sultan as a way to choke naval traffic through the narrow Bosporus Strait. The Bosporus connects the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea, separating Istanbul into what is often referred to as its 'European side' and 'Asian side.' Today, the fortress isn't used to fire upon ships but serves as a museum and concert venue. While the place has changed over the centuries, the killer view hasn't.

鸟瞰视角下的彩色船只，土耳其欧鲁旦尼斯 Aerial view of colorful boats in the Mediterranean Sea in Ölüdeniz, Turkey (© den-belitsky/Getty Images)

绚丽多彩的海滩 A beach of many colors

Ölüdeniz, Turkey

Whether you love snorkeling, scuba-diving, swimming, paragliding, or simply soaking up some sun, Ölüdeniz on Turkey's Turquoise Coast will fit the bill. The village and beach resort are named for the Blue Lagoon that's set off from the ocean by a long sandbar. (The literal translation of Ölüdeniz is 'Dead Sea,' reflecting the calm water, but for marketing purposes, the gorgeous color is more complimentary.) Much of the area is protected inside a national park, and the Ölüdeniz beach proudly holds the Blue Flag certification by the Foundation for Environmental Education, which recognizes high environmental and quality standards.

When you're all beached out, head for the hills. Ölüdeniz is one of the best paragliding spots in the world, so launch yourself from the impressive Mount Babadağ—just 3 miles from the seaside—and enjoy spectacular views of the lagoon, the beach, the Aegean and Mediterranean seas, and the scenic hills and valleys fading into the distance. Once you're back on solid ground, take a trip to the marvelous Butterfly Valley—it's easy, just jump on a taxi boat or drive the lovely local road that hugs the coast. Hopefully you'll spot a variety of butterflies as you hike through the natural canyon. Whether you go by air, land, or sea, there are so many ways to celebrate nature and diversity in this gorgeous part of the world.

欧鲁旦尼斯，土耳其

无论你喜欢浮潜、水肺潜水、游泳、滑翔伞，还是仅仅是晒晒太阳，土耳其绿松石海岸的欧鲁旦尼斯都是合适的选择。这个村庄和海滩度假胜地以蓝色的环礁湖命名，环礁湖由一个长长的沙洲与大海相望。（欧鲁旦尼斯的直译是“死海”，反映了平静的海水，但出于营销目的，华丽的颜色更具互补性。）大部分地区在国家公园内受到保护，而欧鲁旦尼斯海滩自豪地持有环境教育基金会的蓝旗认证，该基金会承认高环境和质量标准。

当你们都在海滩上时，往山上走。欧鲁旦尼斯是世界上最好的滑翔伞景点之一，因此，从令人印象深刻的巴巴达山出发——距离海边仅3英里，欣赏泻湖、海滩、爱琴海和地中海的壮丽景色，以及远处逐渐消失的风景如画的丘陵和山谷。一旦你回到坚实的地面上，就可以去奇妙的蝴蝶谷旅行。这很容易，只要跳上一艘出租车，或者开着可爱的当地公路，环抱海岸。希望你在穿越自然峡谷时能看到各种各样的蝴蝶。无论你乘飞机、陆路还是海运，在这个美丽的地方，有很多方式来庆祝大自然和多样性。

从观景台俯瞰格雷梅，格雷梅国家公园，土耳其卡帕多西亚省 View of Göreme from an observation deck, Göreme National Park, Cappadocia, Turkey (© Anton Petrus/Getty Images)

那些生动的岩石 Living rock

Göreme, in Cappadocia, Turkey

Both natural wonders and historic landmarks, the 'fairy chimneys' of Göreme may suggest the fantastical dwellings of an alien species or an illustration from a Dr. Seuss book. These and similar rock formations are known by many names—hoodoos, tent rocks, earth pyramids, as well as fairy chimneys—and are typically found in dry, hot areas. Here in Cappadocia, in south-central Turkey, they were formed when a thick layer of volcanic ash solidified over millions of years into soft, porous rock called tuff that was overlaid by hard basalt. Cracks in the basalt allowed wind and rain to gradually wash away the softer bottom layer, leaving the hard basalt to cap tall columns of the tuff. The result is these unusual, often beautiful—and perhaps puzzling—formations that spread across the Anatolian plain.

This part of modern day Turkey has been inhabited since at least the Hittite era, between 1800 and 1200 BCE, and possibly for much longer. Innumerable ancient empires fought over the region, with Hittites, Assyrians, Neo-Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans each laying claim to Anatolia at times. To escape this dangerous world, the locals learned to burrow into the hillsides for protection. Today, a visitor can see the vast, complex, interconnected caves in which societies thrived and sheltered for millennia. Göreme National Park was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985 and is now a popular tourist destination.

格勒梅，土耳其卡帕多西亚

无论是自然奇观还是历史地标，戈雷米的“童话烟囱”都可能暗示着一个外来物种的奇幻住所，或是苏斯博士书中的插图。这些和类似的岩层以许多名字而闻名于世，如树丛、帐篷岩、地球金字塔，以及仙女烟囱，通常出现在干燥炎热的地区。在土耳其中南部的卡帕多西亚，一层厚厚的火山灰经过数百万年的固化，形成了一种叫做凝灰岩的软多孔岩石，上面覆盖着坚硬的玄武岩。玄武岩中的裂缝使风和雨逐渐冲走较软的底层，留下坚硬的玄武岩覆盖凝灰岩的高柱。结果就是这些不寻常的、通常美丽的、也许令人费解的地层遍布安纳托利亚平原。

现代土耳其的这一部分至少从赫梯时代（公元前1800年至1200年）起就有人居住，而且可能会更久。无数的古代帝国为该地区而战，赫梯人、亚述人、新亚述人、波斯人、希腊人和罗马人有时都声称对安纳托利亚拥有主权。为了逃离这个危险的世界，当地人学会了在山坡上挖洞保护自己。今天，游客可以看到巨大、复杂、相互连接的洞穴，数千年来，社会在这些洞穴中繁衍生息并得到庇护。戈雷米国家公园于1985年被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录，现在是一个受欢迎的旅游目的地。

土耳其棉花堡的石灰华梯田 Travertine terraces of Pamukkale, Turkey (© bybostanci/Getty Images)

天堂般的温泉 Heavenly hot springs

Pamukkale, Turkey

The stunning travertine terraces and hot pools of Pamukkale, Turkey, have dazzled visitors since at least the end of the 2nd century BCE and the founding of the Greco-Roman thermal spa of Hierapolis. Since then, people have enjoyed a relaxing soak in the 97-degree Fahrenheit water, claiming curative powers for many ailments.

It makes sense that Pamukkale is also known as the 'Cotton Palace,' in a nod to the fluffy-looking white formations that cover the hillside. That 'cotton' is travertine, a soft limestone that is formed over centuries as calcite-laden water drops from springs on a cliff high above. Here it's a stunning white, but travertine can be found in many different colors, ranging from gray to gold.

The terraces and the ancient ruins of Hierapolis are so unique that they were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. New restrictions to protect the pools include a cap on the number of bathers, so you may not be allowed to take a dip. But there's plenty to marvel at here. Walk around the ruins of the theater and necropolis, the ancient temples, and bath houses in Hierapolis. You'll be in good company: The hot springs and Hierapolis draw more than 2 million visitors a year, making them one of Turkey's most visited attractions.

帕穆卡莱，土耳其

至少从公元前2世纪末和希拉波里斯希腊罗马温泉浴场的建立起，土耳其帕穆卡勒令人惊叹的石灰华露台和热水池就让游客们眼花缭乱。从那时起，人们在华氏97度的水中享受着放松的浸泡，声称对许多疾病都有疗效。

Pamukkale也被称为“棉花宫”，这是有道理的，因为它与覆盖在山坡上的蓬松的白色地层相呼应。这种“棉花”是石灰华，一种柔软的石灰岩，几个世纪以来，富含方解石的水从悬崖上方的泉水中滴落而成。这是一种令人惊叹的白色，但石灰华有许多不同的颜色，从灰色到金色不等。

Hierapolis的梯田和古代遗址非常独特，因此被联合国教科文组织命名为世界遗产。保护游泳池的新限制包括对游泳人数的限制，因此你可能不被允许游泳。但这里有很多值得惊叹的地方。在希拉波里斯的剧院和墓地遗址、古庙和澡堂周围走走。你会有很好的同伴：温泉和希拉波利斯每年吸引200多万游客，使其成为土耳其游客最多的景点之一。

Turkey, Ancient rock tombs

Among the remains of the ancient Anatolian port city of Kaunos are these carvings in the sheer rock walls above the Dalyan Çayı River. Overlooking the modern-day city of Dalyan, Turkey, what appear to be ornate cliff dwellings are really the weathered facades of tombs for the elite of a once-forgotten society.

With a history of human habitation going back almost 3,000 years, Kaunos has over the centuries found itself under Persian, Greek, Persian (again), Macedonian, Roman, Lycian, Roman (again), and finally Turkish rule—just to give you the highlights. But it was the sands of time that conquered the city once and for all: Silty deposits from the river eventually mucked up the port so badly it became useless. Gradually abandoned, Kaunos' location was lost to memory, and its rock-hewn Lycian tombs, monuments, and 5,000-seater amphitheater were relegated to rumor until a British surveyor rediscovered the site in 1842.

土耳其，古岩墓

在古老的安纳托利亚港口城市卡乌诺斯的遗迹中，有这些雕刻在达利安ı河上方陡峭的岩壁上。俯瞰土耳其现代城市Dalyan，看似华丽的悬崖住宅实际上是一个曾经被遗忘的社会精英们的坟墓风化的正面。

Kaunos的人类居住历史可以追溯到近3000年前，几个世纪以来，它一直处于波斯人、希腊人、波斯人（再次）、马其顿人、罗马人、利西亚人、罗马人（再次）以及最后的土耳其统治之下，这只是为了给你一个亮点。但是，正是时间的沙粒一劳永逸地征服了这座城市：河流中的淤泥沉积物最终把港口弄得一团糟，变得毫无用处。卡诺斯的位置逐渐被遗弃，人们对其失去了记忆，其岩石凿成的利西亚陵墓、纪念碑和5000座的圆形剧场也被流言传开，直到1842年一名英国勘测员重新发现该地点。

内姆鲁特山上巨大的石灰岩雕像，土耳其阿德亚曼 Colossal limestone statues on Mount Nemrut, Adıyaman, Turkey (© Peerakit JIrachetthakun/Getty Images)

The mountaintop of toppled gods

The ruins on Mount Nemrut depict a gaggle of gods from both Greek and Persian traditions, plus a few deities that King Antiochus I made up himself. The range of spiritual faiths represented in the statues found near the 7,000-foot summit reflects southeastern Turkey's long history as a crossroads of cultures. Today, the derelict statues are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In 70 BCE, Antiochus took power here in Commagene, one of several small onetime states formed from the shambles of the Seleucid Empire. Looking to unify his populace, he synthesized a mythology that hailed Greek and Persian figures, from Ares to Zarathustra—plus the king himself and his family. Antiochus' claim to godhood wasn't eternal, as he was deposed in 31 BCE, but sometime before that he cemented his customized state religion in history by having its partial pantheon—including, of course, himself—carved into stone statues on the peak overlooking his kingdom.

被推翻的神的山顶

涅姆鲁特山上的废墟描绘了希腊和波斯传统的众神，加上安提约克一世国王自己创造的一些神。在7000英尺高的山顶附近发现的雕像所代表的各种精神信仰反映了土耳其东南部作为文化交汇点的悠久历史。今天，这些被遗弃的雕像被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。

公元前70年，安提约克在科马根尼掌权，科马根尼是塞琉西帝国废墟中形成的几个小国家之一。为了统一他的人民，他合成了一个神话，颂扬希腊和波斯的人物，从阿瑞斯到查拉图斯特拉，再加上国王本人和他的家人。安提约克对神性的要求并不是永恒的，因为他在公元前31年被废黜，但在此之前的某个时候，他通过拥有部分万神殿（当然包括他自己）在俯瞰王国的山顶上雕刻成石像，巩固了他定制的国教在历史上的地位。

土耳其棉花堡附近希腊古城希拉波利斯的剧院鸟瞰图 Aerial view of the theater at the ancient city of Hierapolis, adjacent to Pamukkale, Turkey (© Amazing Aerial Agency/Offset by Shutterstock)

Take in a show on your Roman holiday

In the hills around Pamukkale, Turkey, you'll find the ancient ruins of Hierapolis, which thrived here as holy and healing destination through Greek, Roman, and Ottoman times. The city was founded as a thermal spa in 190 BCE by Eumenes II, the king of Pergamon and was likely named after the wife of the legendary founder of the Pergamene dynasty, Hiero.

The amphitheater so prominent in this aerial view was built in the second century CE under Roman Emperor Hadrian. Renovated several times over the next 160 years—once to accommodate aquatic shows--the theater would have seated about 15,000 people. An earthquake in 1354 finally toppled the ancient city and it was abandoned until it was excavated by German archeologist Carl Humann in the 19th century. Today, the complex retains some of the best-preserved decorative features of any ancient Roman theater, with friezes of Roman Emperor Septimus Severus and his family, as well as the Greek gods Dionysus, Artemis, and Apollo.

星空迷